The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

In contact-rich tasks, like dexterous manipulation, the hybrid nature of making and breaking contact creates challenges for model representation and control. For example, choosing and sequencing contact locations for in-hand manipulation, where there are thousands of potential hybrid modes, is not generally tractable. In this paper, we are inspired by the observation that far fewer modes are actually necessary to accomplish many tasks. Building on our prior work learning hybrid models, represented as linear complementarity systems, we find a reduced-order hybrid model requiring only a limited number of task-relevant modes. This simplified representation, in combination with model predictive control, enables real-time control yet is sufficient for achieving high performance. We demonstrate the proposed method first on synthetic hybrid systems, reducing the mode count by multiple orders of magnitude while achieving task performance loss of less than 5%. We also apply the proposed method to a three-fingered robotic hand manipulating a previously unknown object. With no prior knowledge, we achieve state-of-the-art closed-loop performance in less than five minutes of online learning.

深度学习方法为多级医学图像细分实现了令人印象深刻的表现。但是，它们的编码不同类别（例如遏制和排除）之间拓扑相互作用的能力受到限制。这些约束自然出现在生物医学图像中，对于提高分割质量至关重要。在本文中，我们介绍了一个新型的拓扑交互模块，将拓扑相互作用编码为深神经网络。该实施完全基于卷积，因此非常有效。这使我们有能力将约束结合到端到端培训中，并丰富神经网络的功能表示。该方法的功效在不同类型的相互作用上得到了验证。我们还证明了该方法在2D和3D设置以及跨越CT和超声之类的不同模式中的专有和公共挑战数据集上的普遍性。代码可在以下网址找到：https：//github.com/topoxlab/topointeraction

通常通过过去的选择来告知机器学习中的评估，例如要使用哪些数据集或指标。该标准化可以使用排行榜对平等基础进行比较，但是随着出现更好的替代方案，评估选择变得不佳。这个问题在自然语言生成中尤其相关，该语言需要不断改善的数据集，指标和人类评估以提出确定性的主张。为了使遵循最佳模型评估实践更加容易，我们介绍了GEMV2。新版本的一代，评估和指标基准为数据集，模型和指标开发人员提供了模块化基础架构，以使彼此受益。GEMV2支持40种记录的数据集中51种语言。所有数据集的模型都可以在线评估，我们的交互式数据卡创建和渲染工具使得在Living Benchmark中添加新数据集变得更加容易。

本文调查了一类称为线性互补系统（LCSS）的分段仿射动态系统的学习或系统识别。我们提出了一种基于违规的损失，它可以使用基于梯度的方法在没有先前了解混合模式边界的情况下高效地学习LCS参数化。建议的违规行为损失包括动态预测损失和新的互补性违规损失。我们展示了这种损失制定所获得的几个属性，包括其可分性，第一和二阶衍生物的有效计算，以及其与传统预测损失的关系，严格执行互补性。我们应用基于违规的损失制定，以学习具有数万种（潜在僵硬）混合模式的LCSS。结果表明了识别分段仿射动态的最新能力，优于必须通过非平滑线性互补问题来区分的优势方法。

我们通过形式化节点标签的异质性（即连接的节点倾向于具有不同的标签）和GNN与对抗性攻击的稳健性来弥合图形神经网络（GNN）的两个研究方向。我们的理论和经验分析表明，对于同质图数据，有影响力的结构攻击始终导致同质性降低，而对于异性图数据，同质级别的变化取决于节点度。这些见解对防御对现实图形的攻击具有实际含义：我们推断出分离自我和邻居限制的汇总器，这是一种已确定的设计原则，可以显着改善异性图数据的预测，还可以为增强的鲁棒性提供稳健性gnns。我们的综合实验表明，与表现最好的未接种模型相比，GNN仅采用这种设计可以提高经验和可证明的鲁棒性。此外，与表现最佳的疫苗接种模型相比，这种设计与对抗性攻击的明确防御机制相结合，可提高稳健性，攻击性能在攻击下提高18.33％。

元学习或学习学习，寻求设计算法，可以利用以前的经验快速学习新技能或适应新环境。表示学习 - 用于执行元学习的关键工具 - 了解可以在多个任务中传输知识的数据表示，这在数据稀缺的状态方面是必不可少的。尽管最近在Meta-Leature的实践中感兴趣的兴趣，但缺乏元学习算法的理论基础，特别是在学习可转让陈述的背景下。在本文中，我们专注于多任务线性回归的问题 - 其中多个线性回归模型共享常见的低维线性表示。在这里，我们提供了可提供的快速，采样高效的算法，解决了（1）的双重挑战，从多个相关任务和（2）将此知识转移到新的，看不见的任务中的常见功能。两者都是元学习的一般问题的核心。最后，我们通过在学习这些线性特征的样本复杂性上提供信息定理下限来补充这些结果。

Modern Reinforcement Learning (RL) is commonly applied to practical problems with an enormous number of states, where function approximation must be deployed to approximate either the value function or the policy. The introduction of function approximation raises a fundamental set of challenges involving computational and statistical efficiency, especially given the need to manage the exploration/exploitation tradeoff. As a result, a core RL question remains open: how can we design provably efficient RL algorithms that incorporate function approximation? This question persists even in a basic setting with linear dynamics and linear rewards, for which only linear function approximation is needed.This paper presents the first provable RL algorithm with both polynomial runtime and polynomial sample complexity in this linear setting, without requiring a "simulator" or additional assumptions. Concretely, we prove that an optimistic modification of Least-Squares Value Iteration (LSVI)-a classical algorithm frequently studied in the linear setting-achieves O( √ d 3 H 3 T ) regret, where d is the ambient dimension of feature space, H is the length of each episode, and T is the total number of steps. Importantly, such regret is independent of the number of states and actions.

我们考虑非凸凹minimax问题，$ \ min _ {\ mathbf {x}} \ mathcal {y}} f（\ mathbf {x}，\ mathbf {y}）$， $ f $在$ \ mathbf {x} $ on $ \ mathbf {y} $和$ \ mathcal {y} $中的$ \ \ mathbf {y} $。解决此问题的最受欢迎的算法之一是庆祝的梯度下降上升（GDA）算法，已广泛用于机器学习，控制理论和经济学。尽管凸凹设置的广泛收敛结果，但具有相等步骤的GDA可以收敛以限制循环甚至在一般设置中发散。在本文中，我们介绍了两次尺度GDA的复杂性结果，以解决非膨胀凹入的最小问题，表明该算法可以找到函数$ \ phi（\ cdot）的静止点：= \ max _ {\ mathbf {Y} \ In \ Mathcal {Y}} F（\ CDOT，\ MATHBF {Y}）高效。据我们所知，这是对这一环境中的两次尺度GDA的第一个非因对药分析，阐明了其在培训生成对抗网络（GANS）和其他实际应用中的优越实际表现。

Model-free reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, such as Q-learning, directly parameterize and update value functions or policies without explicitly modeling the environment. They are typically simpler, more flexible to use, and thus more prevalent in modern deep RL than model-based approaches. However, empirical work has suggested that model-free algorithms may require more samples to learn [7,22]. The theoretical question of "whether model-free algorithms can be made sample efficient" is one of the most fundamental questions in RL, and remains unsolved even in the basic scenario with finitely many states and actions.We prove that, in an episodic MDP setting, Q-learning with UCB exploration achieves regret Õ( √ H 3 SAT ), where S and A are the numbers of states and actions, H is the number of steps per episode, and T is the total number of steps. This sample efficiency matches the optimal regret that can be achieved by any model-based approach, up to a single √ H factor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analysis in the model-free setting that establishes √ T regret without requiring access to a "simulator." * The first two authors contributed equally.